Research Paper
Manufacturing Processes
Sachin Ghalme; Yogesh Bhalerao; Kamlesh Phapale
Abstract
Composite materials have proven their applicability for various structural components. Excellent properties of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite materials have presented GFRP composites for potential applications in aerospace and automobile-related industries. Drilling is an important operation ...
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Composite materials have proven their applicability for various structural components. Excellent properties of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite materials have presented GFRP composites for potential applications in aerospace and automobile-related industries. Drilling is an important operation for composite structures during final assembly. This paper investigates the factors affecting delamination in GFRP composite during the drilling process. Drill speed and feed rate are selected two parameters affecting delamination during the drilling process. The response surface methodology approach has been used for experimental design and analysis of variance. Delamination was evaluated at the entry, middle, and exit positions of the hole. An attempt has been made to optimize the speed and feed rate for minimization of delamination at the three positions using grey relational analysis. The results of this work will help in selecting an optimum level of speed and feed rate to minimize delamination at the entry, middle, and exit positions of the hole to improve quality of the drilled hole.
Research Paper
P. Kumar; M. Gupta; V. Kumar
Abstract
With the increased diversity of the customer demand and complexity of the product, Inconel 825 is widely used to meet the actual needs, especially in the aerospace industry. It is difficult-to-cut material because of its high toughness and hardness. The present research attempts to optimize the process ...
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With the increased diversity of the customer demand and complexity of the product, Inconel 825 is widely used to meet the actual needs, especially in the aerospace industry. It is difficult-to-cut material because of its high toughness and hardness. The present research attempts to optimize the process parameters of wire electric discharge machining during the cutting operation of Inconel 825. The wire electric discharge machining characteristics such as pulse-on time, pulse-off time, spark gap voltage, peak current, wire tension, wire feed are taken into consideration. The performance was measured in terms of material removal rate, surface roughness, and wire wear ratio. The central composite design of response surface methodology at an α value of ± 2 was employed to establish the mathematical model between process parameters and performance measures. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used to find the optimal solutions called Pareto optimal solutions. It uses the concept of dominance to find the non dominated set in the entire population and the crowding distance approach to finding the best Pareto optimal solutions with a good diversity of objectives. The confirmation experiments of the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm show a significant improvement in material removal rate (27.934 to 31.687 mm2/min), surface roughness (2.689 to 2.448μm), and wire wear ratio (0.027 to 0.030). SEM micrograph studies showed the number of cracks, pockmarks, craters, and pulled out material on the workpiece and wire electrode surface. Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis is performed to investigate the presence of elements on the work surface other than the base material.
Research Paper
A. Mahamani; S. Jawahar; J. P. Davim
Abstract
In-situ composites have gained the attention of worldwide researchers in the interest of their greater mechanical properties at the lower reinforcement ratio. Controlling the surface quality of components is a paramount task in the grinding process in order to withstand the creep and fatigue load at ...
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In-situ composites have gained the attention of worldwide researchers in the interest of their greater mechanical properties at the lower reinforcement ratio. Controlling the surface quality of components is a paramount task in the grinding process in order to withstand the creep and fatigue load at service conditions. The current effort is intended to examine the mechanism of surface generation in grinding AA6061-TiB2/ZrB2 in-situ composite under different reinforcement ratios, grinding parameters, and wheel materials. The analysis of results indicates that the grinding of the unreinforced alloy is complicated than the composites. Diamond wheel yields superior performance by generating lesser surface roughness and subsurface hardness at all grinding conditions. Among the various grinding parameters, grinding speed and grinding depth are more sensitive than other parameters. This experimental investigation helps to control the surface roughness and subsurface at various grinding conditions.
Deepak Kumar Sharma; Tikendra Nath Verma
Abstract
The present study focuses on the optimization in the use of non-petroleum fuel derived from waste fish oil fuels, as a replacement for petroleum diesel fuel for compression ignition engine. The study comprises of comparison between results of fish oil biodiesel-diesel blends in a compression ignition ...
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The present study focuses on the optimization in the use of non-petroleum fuel derived from waste fish oil fuels, as a replacement for petroleum diesel fuel for compression ignition engine. The study comprises of comparison between results of fish oil biodiesel-diesel blends in a compression ignition engine. Fuel properties such as viscosity, density, heat value of fuel, cetane number and a flash point of fish oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel were studied. The fish oil biodiesel (60, 40, 20, and 0%) – diesel (40, 60, 80 and 100%) are blended at volume basis. The results show reduction in thermal efficiency, temperature, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission; while showing an increase in higher specific fuel consumption, ignition delay, carbon dioxide and smoke emissions. The B20 fuel blend improves BTE by 4.7%, CO2 emissions has been increased by 2.56%, while SFC is lowered by 7.92% as compared to diesel fuel. In biodiesel blend (B20), the highest reduction in NOx by 14.9%, particulate by 4.22% is observed although smoke emission slightly rises with an increase in fish oil in the blends, as compared to diesel fuel.
Research Paper
Nonlinear Solution
Adnan Maqsood; Muhammad Kamran Khan Tareen; Rizwan Riaz; Laurent Dala
Abstract
The paper discusses the effect of compressor characteristic on surge phenomena in axial flow compressors. Specifically, the effect of nonlinearities on the compressor dynamics is analyzed. For this purpose, generalized multiple time scales method is used to parameterize equations in amplitude and frequency ...
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The paper discusses the effect of compressor characteristic on surge phenomena in axial flow compressors. Specifically, the effect of nonlinearities on the compressor dynamics is analyzed. For this purpose, generalized multiple time scales method is used to parameterize equations in amplitude and frequency explicitly. The pure surge case of the famous Moore-Greitzer model is used as the basis of the study. The compressor characteristic used in the Moore-Greitzer model is generalized to evaluate the effect of the parameters involved. Subsequently, bifurcation theory is used to study the effect of nonlinear dynamics on surge behavior. It has been found that the system exhibits supercritical Hopf bifurcation under specific conditions in which surge manifests as limit cycle oscillations. Key parameters have been identified in the analytical solution which govern the nonlinear dynamic behavior and are responsible for the existence of limit cycle oscillations. Numerical simulations of the Moore-Greitzer model are carried out and found to be in good agreement with the analytical solution
Research Paper
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Kandassamy K; B. Prabu
Abstract
Heat dissipation in electronic circuits is important to maintain their reliability and functionality. In this work, microchannel based bio-inspired flow field models are proposed and numerically analyzed. The proposed flow fields have single to four inlet-outlet pairs. COMSOL is used to do the numerical ...
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Heat dissipation in electronic circuits is important to maintain their reliability and functionality. In this work, microchannel based bio-inspired flow field models are proposed and numerically analyzed. The proposed flow fields have single to four inlet-outlet pairs. COMSOL is used to do the numerical analysis. Conjugate heat transfer analysis is done on the quarter sectional models, utilizing bi-axial symmetry of the flow fields to reduce computational cost. Constant heat flux is applied to the base of the proposed heat sinks. The results show that the thermal and hydraulic resistances of the proposed models are lower than traditional micro-channel arrayed heat sinks. The four inlet-outlet pairs model shows a thermal resistance of 0.121 to 0.158 C/W at constant Re inlet condition, achieved with a pumping power of 0.102-0.126W. Two and four inlet-outlet pair models with aspect ratio 8.6 have a thermal resistance of 0.069 and 0.067 C/W, for pumping powers 2.078 and 4.365 W respectively. The pressure drop of the proposed models is lower than the conventional microchannel arrays.
Research Paper
Thermodynamics and Cumbustion
Satyananda Tripathy; Manmatha K Roul; Akshaya K Rout
Abstract
Theoretical investigation of turbulent flame impinging normally on plane surfaces isdone to determine the average Nusselt number and the plate heat flux distribution as functions of jet Reynolds number, equivalence ratio, and separation distance. The analysis is established on the mathematical formulation ...
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Theoretical investigation of turbulent flame impinging normally on plane surfaces isdone to determine the average Nusselt number and the plate heat flux distribution as functions of jet Reynolds number, equivalence ratio, and separation distance. The analysis is established on the mathematical formulation of the governing equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. The turbulence phenomenon is analyzed with the help of the RNG k-ε turbulence model. The radiative heat transfer model has been designed by using the Discrete Ordinates radiation model. Results show that the heat flux graduallyincreases with the radial distance towards the plate center and attains a maximum value at a location slightly away from the stagnation point. The peak value in the local heat flux comes closer to the stagnation point when the height between the plates and the nozzle increases. Effects of variation of dimensionless separation distance on heat transfer characteristics are investigated. It is observed that heat flux gradually improves when the value of separation distance changes from 12 to 8 and decreases near the stagnation region with the further decrease in separation distance from 8 to 4.
Research Paper
Power Generation
R. Nasrin; M. Saddam Hossain
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) module is one of the most useful, sustainable and non-harmful products in the field of renewable energy. It offers longer service period for least maintenance cost. The elements of PV are abrasive, easy for designing, and their structure like the stand-alone technique gives production ...
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Photovoltaic (PV) module is one of the most useful, sustainable and non-harmful products in the field of renewable energy. It offers longer service period for least maintenance cost. The elements of PV are abrasive, easy for designing, and their structure like the stand-alone technique gives production from micro to mega-power level. A 3D numerical system of PV module has been built up and solved applying FEM technique-based software COMSOL Multiphysics in this article. The average solar irradiation and optimum tilt angle for six divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barishal and Sylhet) in Bangladesh have been calculated. The effects of solar radiation, angle of inclination, ambient temperature, and partial shading on temperature of solar cell, electrical power and PV module's electrical efficiency have been investigated. It has been observed from the results that the greatest value of electrical power 15.14 W is found in Rajshahi for solar radiation 209 W/m2. The highest electrical efficiency is found as 12.85% in Sylhet at irradiation level of 189 W/m2. For every 1° increase of inclination angle, electrical power and electrical efficiency level devalue by 0.06 W and 0.05%, respectively. Results also show that the efficiency level decreases from 14.66 to 11.32% due to partial shading area from 0 to 40%. PV module's electrical power; and electrical efficiency reduces approximately 0.01 W and 0.01%, respectively due to every 1°C addition of solar cell temperature.
Research Paper
Manufacturing Processes
A. Ravendran; S. Rianmora
Abstract
Edge is an indispensable characteristic of an image, defined as the contour between two regions with significant variance in terms of surface reflectance, illumination, intensity, color, and texture. Detection of edges is a basic requirement for diverse contexts for design automation. This study presents ...
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Edge is an indispensable characteristic of an image, defined as the contour between two regions with significant variance in terms of surface reflectance, illumination, intensity, color, and texture. Detection of edges is a basic requirement for diverse contexts for design automation. This study presents a guideline to assign appropriate threshold and sigma values for the Canny edge detector to increase the efficiency of additive manufacturing. The algorithm uses different combinations of threshold and sigma on a color palette, and the results are statistically formulated using multiple regression analysis with an accuracy of 95.93%. An image-based acquisition technique system is designed and developed for test applications to create three-dimensional objects. In addition, a graphical user interface is developed to convert a selected design of a complex image to a three-dimensional object with the generation of Cartesian coordinates of the detected edges and extrusion. The developed system reduces the cost and time of developing an existing design of an object for additive manufacturing by 20% and 70%, respectively.
Research Paper
Nonlinear Solution
Harsh Kumar Dixit; T. C. Gupta
Abstract
The simplified analytical method has developed to analyze the effect of bearing geometrical parameters, i.e. eccentricity ratio, journal rotation speed, slenderness ratio, bearing radial clearance, pad pivot offset and the number of pads on tilting pad journal bearing (TPJB) properties, i.e. fluid film ...
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The simplified analytical method has developed to analyze the effect of bearing geometrical parameters, i.e. eccentricity ratio, journal rotation speed, slenderness ratio, bearing radial clearance, pad pivot offset and the number of pads on tilting pad journal bearing (TPJB) properties, i.e. fluid film thickness, fluid film forces and fluid film stiffness and damping coefficients of TPJB. Reynolds equation was solved for each pad to determine fluid film pressure on pads. The infinite short bearing assumption used to determine pressure distribution on pads integrated over the pad surface to find fluid film forces. The pressure distribution and fluid film forces validated with previous researches. Error bars presented to indicate accuracy measurement. The maximum error found was not more than 6 percent corresponding to loaded pads. The percentage error found maximum when the eccentricity ratio is 0.25 while it found a minimum when the eccentricity ratio is 0.62. The Matlab code has been developed for the solution of non-linear equations. Results produced in the form of design curves which compares changes in fluid film properties corresponding to TPJB geometric parameters. The results obtained in this manuscript are applicable in other similar researches to find appropriate and limiting values of fluid film properties at different geometrical and parametric conditions. The generated plots and data are helpful in dynamic analysis to find the value of a specific parameter corresponding to a specific value of fluid film coefficient, which makes an easier selection of suitable numerical integration technique and boundary conditions to avoid non-significant results, which save time and effort in the nonlinear analysis.
Research Paper
H. El Bhilat; K. El Had; H. Salmi; A. Hachim
Abstract
In this study, the effect of six successive recycling cycles of the recycled material including high impact polystyrene disposable cups on tensile properties, glass transition temperature, flexural, impact strength tests and fluidity were studied. It has been found that after increasing recycling, the ...
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In this study, the effect of six successive recycling cycles of the recycled material including high impact polystyrene disposable cups on tensile properties, glass transition temperature, flexural, impact strength tests and fluidity were studied. It has been found that after increasing recycling, the molar mass and the viscosity decrease (a slight increase of melt flow index) until the fifth cycle; the maximum yielding stress decreased due to material brittleness.The impact strength has only been relatively influenced by a 17% increase, whereas the elongation at break and the Young’s modulus dropped with reprocessing cycles. Glass transition temperature has undergone a remarkable decrease: It dropped in a consistent way by the sixth cycle we measured a drop of almost 11°C was compared to the virgin material, with a notable increase in flexural modulus and hardness. The resulted curves show the reliability of this material to be used after a specific number of processing in several industrial applications.
Research Paper
Biomechanics
S. Karimi; M. Dadvar; B. Dabir
Abstract
One of the critical limitations of studies on cardiovascular blood flow simulation is to determine outlet boundary conditions accurately. In the present study, for the first time, pore network model is proposed as a useful technique to take into account interaction between blood flow and other body organs. ...
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One of the critical limitations of studies on cardiovascular blood flow simulation is to determine outlet boundary conditions accurately. In the present study, for the first time, pore network model is proposed as a useful technique to take into account interaction between blood flow and other body organs. Thus body organs are simulated by pore network model. Thanks to the method, pressure distribution among the porous medium of organ is determined and consequently the required boundary conditions are obtained for the simulation of arterial blood flow. The comparison between permeability resulted from developed model and experimental results shows that the difference is about 3% for the assumption of non-Newtonian blood flow through organ. This indicates the pore network model can accurately simulate velocity and pressure in the organs. Afterwards, a 3D patient-specific abdominal aorta was simulated under the proposed outlet boundary condition. The maximum deviation of predicted pressure from physiological data is 11.14% near the systole instant. Generally, the predicted pressure and velocity profiles are evident that the model can adequately simulate the blood flow through the arteries which feed main organs.
Research Paper
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
U. S. Rajput; Mohammad Shareef
Abstract
This study analyses the combined effect of chemical reaction and Soret number on MHD flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid near the exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate in a rotating system. The fluid under consideration is electrically conducting and the medium is porous. A set of ...
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This study analyses the combined effect of chemical reaction and Soret number on MHD flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid near the exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate in a rotating system. The fluid under consideration is electrically conducting and the medium is porous. A set of dimensionless governing equations of the model is obtained. As the equations are linear, an exact solution is derived by using Laplace technique. The effects of flow parameters on the concentration, temperature and velocity are discussed through graphs. It is noticed that the components of the velocity in both the directions can be increased by increasing the Soret number; and the velocities can be reduced by increasing the chemical reaction parameter. Tables depict the numerical values of the rate of change of momentum, concentration and temperature. Applications of the study are considered in the fields like solar plasma and planetary fluid dynamics systems, rotating MHD generators, etc.
Research Paper
Heat and Mass Transfer
Omid Ahmadi; Sahand Majidi; Pooyan Hashemi Tari
Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are known to be capable of storing a substantial amount of energy in relatively low volume. Also, since the phase change process occurs in a nearly constant temperature, PCMs are suitable to be used as storage units. The present study focuses on the effect of Heat Transfer ...
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Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are known to be capable of storing a substantial amount of energy in relatively low volume. Also, since the phase change process occurs in a nearly constant temperature, PCMs are suitable to be used as storage units. The present study focuses on the effect of Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) flow parameters on heat transfer and melting process of PCM. The numerical results are validated against available experimental data. Then, the numerical study is extended to investigate the impacts of HTF flow parameters such as inlet temperature and mass flow rate. According to the obtained numerical results, the overall performance of the system is enhanced by increasing the inlet parameters of the HTF flow. In addition, the exergy analysis indicated that the stored exergy increases with increasing flow rate and inlet temperature of HTF. On the other hand, the exergy efficiency does not increase monotonically, but it reaches its maximum value in intermediate values of inlet flow rate and temperature.
Research Paper
Composite Materials
Hiral H. Parikh; Piyush P. Gohil
Abstract
As the fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites give good strength and can work in rigorous environmental conditions, nowadays, more focus is given to study the behavior of these materials under different operating conditions. Due to the environmental concern, the focus on the natural fiber reinforced ...
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As the fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites give good strength and can work in rigorous environmental conditions, nowadays, more focus is given to study the behavior of these materials under different operating conditions. Due to the environmental concern, the focus on the natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite is enhancing both in research and industrial sectors. Currently, the focus has been given to unifying solid fillers with the polymer matrix composite to improve their mechanical and tribo properties. Aligned to this, the present work discusses the effect of various weight fractions of fillers (Flyash, SiC, and graphite) on the frictional behavior of natural fiber (cotton) polyester matrix composites. The specimen prepared with a hand lay-up process followed by compression molding. A plan of experiments, response surface technique, was used to obtain a response in an organized way by varying load, speed, and sliding distance. The test results reveal that different weight concentration of fillers has a considerable result on the output. The frictional behavior of materials evaluated by general regression and artificial neural network. The validation experiment effects show the estimated friction by using the artificial neural network was closer to experimental values compare to the regression models.
Research Paper
Heat and Mass Transfer
B. Vasu; Atul Kumar Ray
Abstract
This study aims to numerically investigate a two dimensional and steady heat transfer over a cylinder in a porous medium with suspending nanoparticles. Buongiorno model is adopted for nanofluid transport on a free convection flow taking the slip mechanism of Brownian motion and thermophoresis into account. ...
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This study aims to numerically investigate a two dimensional and steady heat transfer over a cylinder in a porous medium with suspending nanoparticles. Buongiorno model is adopted for nanofluid transport on a free convection flow taking the slip mechanism of Brownian motion and thermophoresis into account. The Boussinesq approximation is considered to account for buoyancy. The boundary layer conservation equations are transformed into dimensionless and then elucidated using a robust Keller-box implicit code numerically. The numerical results are displayed graphically and deliberated quantitatively for various values of thermo-physical parameters. Our results shows that, increasing the Forchheimer parameter, Λ, clearly swamps the nanofluid momentum development, decreases the flow for some distance near the cylinder viscous region, later it reverses the trend, and asymptotically reaches the far field flow velocity. Furthermore, as thermophoresis parameter increases, the heat transfer and nanoparticle volume concentration increase within the boundary layer. The present results are validated with the available results of a similar study and is found to be in good coincidence. The study finds applications in heat exchangers technology, materials processing, and geothermal energy storage etc.
Research Paper
Fluid Mechanics
K. Suneetha; S. M. Ibrahim; P. Vijaya Kumar; K. Jyothsna
Abstract
Due to the presence of rheological flow parameters and viscoelastic properties, non-Newtonian fluid structure is intricate and enticing to investigate. The flow has been made by considering variable temperature and radiation effects for the magnetohydrodynamic viscoelastic liquid past ...
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Due to the presence of rheological flow parameters and viscoelastic properties, non-Newtonian fluid structure is intricate and enticing to investigate. The flow has been made by considering variable temperature and radiation effects for the magnetohydrodynamic viscoelastic liquid past a moving vertical plate in a porous state. First order homogeneous chemical reaction, Soret number, variable temperature and concentration have been taken into account. The leading mathematical proclamation is handled analytically by perturbation strategy. The central aspiration of this work is to explore the consequences of sundry parameters on fluid flow, thermal boundary and concentration profiles. Diagram and tabular trends of the profiles are delineated with apropos parameters. Our sketches illustrate that the velocity profile exposes decelerate scenery with escalating M due to the Lorentz force in the opposite direction of flow. Temperature profile is getting accelerated owing to thermal radiation and concentration distribution is declined by boosting up the chemical reaction and Schmidt number. Diminishing nature of momentum boundary layer with Sc is also portrayed. Furthermore, at the end of this paper the effects of different parameters on skin fricition coefficient and local Nusselt number are investigated.
Research Paper
Fluid Mechanics
Hamidreza Ghaffarianjam; Sajad A. Moshizi; Mahdi Zamani; Mahdi Amiri Daluee
Abstract
In the present work, the study of alumina-water nanofluid heat transfer between two concentric vertical cylinders has been done by modified Buongiorno’s model (BM) to examine the impacts of temperature jump and slip velocity boundary conditions for a wide range of Knudsen number. Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg ...
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In the present work, the study of alumina-water nanofluid heat transfer between two concentric vertical cylinders has been done by modified Buongiorno’s model (BM) to examine the impacts of temperature jump and slip velocity boundary conditions for a wide range of Knudsen number. Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method, as a standard integration scheme along with a shooting method, has been chosen for solving nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) along with boundary conditions. The main concentration of this paper is on the temperature jump since the slip velocity has been extensively examined in many studies. The presence of temperature jump boundary condition by varying Knudsen number was considered to investigate the effects of the bulk mean nanoparticle volume fraction ϕB, mixed convection parameter Nr, buoyancy parameter Ng, and heat flux ratio ε on the total dimensionless heat transfer coefficient HTC and the dimensionless pressure gradient Ndp. The obtained results indicate that temperature jump boundary condition plays a pivotal role in temperature profile, heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop; for instance, the negligence of temperature jump near walls causes to undervalue heat transfer coefficient in continuum flow regime and overestimate it in slip flow regime.
Research Paper
Fluid Mechanics
Vijay Kumar Dwivedi; Pooja Pathak
Abstract
There are many industrial applications of axially grooved journal bearing, especially in turbo- machinery. Stability is a very big issue for researchers, in high speed rotating machines. The axial groove journal bearing has a capacity to reduce the vibration and the ability to resolve the heating problems ...
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There are many industrial applications of axially grooved journal bearing, especially in turbo- machinery. Stability is a very big issue for researchers, in high speed rotating machines. The axial groove journal bearing has a capacity to reduce the vibration and the ability to resolve the heating problems as well as stability at a higher speed. Dynamic performance parameters and stability of axial grooved hybrid journal bearings depend on the dimensions and orientations of the groove to a great extent at higher speeds. In this work, a FORTRAN program is used to solve Reynolds governing equation. The bearing performance characteristics are simulated for the various dimensions and orientation of the groove. Non-linear journal center trajectories are drawn for different Reynolds numbers for stability analysis. It is found that the smaller groove length results in lower bearing capacity, whereas smaller groove width yields higher bearing capacity, and the turbulence decreases the stability. The groove location also strongly affects most performance parameters. The optimum location of the groove axis is obtained between 60° to 90° to the load line.
Research Paper
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Ali Akbar Rashidi; Ehsan Kianpour
Abstract
Natural convection heat transfer is studied numerically in a triangular enclosure. The enclosure is isosceles right triangle and its bottom wall is hot, the hypotenuse is cold and the other wall is adiabatic. Also, a vertical magnetic field is applied in the enclosure; and there is hybrid nanofluid inside ...
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Natural convection heat transfer is studied numerically in a triangular enclosure. The enclosure is isosceles right triangle and its bottom wall is hot, the hypotenuse is cold and the other wall is adiabatic. Also, a vertical magnetic field is applied in the enclosure; and there is hybrid nanofluid inside the enclosure. This study is conducted for Rayleigh numbers of 103-105, the Hartmann numbers between 0-80, and the volume fraction of nanofluid is between 0-2 percent. Based on the obtained results, as the Hartmann number augments, the temperature of the center of the enclosure decreases due to weakening of the heat transfer flow by increasing the magnetic field forces. In addition, as the Hartmann number augments, the streamlines approach to the walls because the horizontal momentum forces decrease when the Hartmann number increases. Furthermore, by increasing the density of nanoparticles, the heat transfer rate increases, and as a result, heat transfer builds up. Finally, heat transfer improves when the hybrid-nanofluid is employed rather than ordinary nanofluid.
